Personal Narrative Essay -- Essays Papers

Individual Narrative I was wounded, chomped, and beat up, and I cherished it. The weekend had totally made my late spring and filled in a piece of my character that I never knew existed. My ruler salmon angling trip showed me steadiness, trust, resilience, and that it isn't generally the trophy, yet rather the excursion you bring the way. Each late spring that I return to Michigan, my cousin Lance and I take an angling trip. This year we were after the huge ones, lord salmon, running up the Manistee River. I was energized at this point a little restless about the endeavor that lay in front of us. For quite a long time before we left, Lance and the entirety of his companions perplexed my brain with awfulness stories from their past endeavors at these strong fish. Chris, a major brawny man with tattoo sleeves, filled me with the most dread. The prior year, he had guided into a ruler that had really pulled him under a log jam and afterward snapped the line. Being half of his size, I figured I would be water skiing down the waterway, being towed by these scaled beasts. How was I ever going to endure this excursion? At the point when the day showed up to leave, I was for the most part simply energized and all set, in any event until I discovered that Lance’s sweetheart, Amber, was going to follow along. I have never met a lady as super cold as she may be. I have known her for about seven years, and she has been going out with Lance for nearly 12 months, however she despite everything has no issue experiencing a whole night without saying a word to me or any one else, including Lance. It’s not that she is timid, she is simply totally snobby. She doesn’t even like angling. What was she doing going on this outing? Be that as it may, I chose to suck it up and make the most of my break on the stream. We got together the entirety of our provisions and took off on Friday eveni... ...o I needed to depend on Lance to get me home safe. The hardest piece of the excursion was managing Amber. I needed to figure out how to function with somebody that I didn’t coexist with at all piece. To overcome the end of the week in any case, I needed to rely on her for specific things. One of the most significant qualities that I got was simply the capacity to giggle. At the point when I tumbled down I had two alternatives, I could blow up and cry, or I could get up and ignore it. I picked the subsequent choice and have brought it through into my consistently life. This is an ability that I will use for a mind-blowing remainder. Finally, by not handling a fish I had the option to welcome the excursion for the experience rather than the trophy toward the end. This is something that everybody could use to assist them with getting a charge out of life for the easily overlooked details. I realize that my lord salmon angling trip assisted with improving me.

Making Cokes Brand Fizz (Coca-Colas Future Marketing)

Question: Portray about the Making Cokes Brand Fizz (Coca-Colas Future Marketing)? Answer: 1. The Coca-Cola Company has an incredible commitment towards the Irish nation. The organization give occupations to the 900 and ten individuals (pound 15m), likewise adds to the Irish crude materials, Irish administrations like showcasing and transport. This represents pound 90 m turnovers back to the Irish economy (Snowdon, 2015). 2. The item life pattern of the electronic merchandise 3. The above chart shows the existence pattern of the distinctive electronic merchandise. The above item cycle shows the various periods of electronic products, for example, presentation, development, development, immersion and afterward decay. The chart shows the deals of the item as per present time. 4. The global LUX cleanser organization follows the age of the idea, at that point to build up the item, the market investigation of the item and afterward the promoting o the item lastly propelling the new brand item. The examination procedure includes the SWOT investigation. The showcasing of the new item is finished by brand underwriting, promotions, and so on. 5. Situating another item in the market is troublesome. Coca-Cola situated its item as the main soda pop that can give the incredible taste of Cola with just n one calorie. Prior eating routine and low-calorie drinks were just accessible for ladies. In any case, Coke is intended for the two people. Likewise, the famous signature tune is a preferred position for the showcasing of the item (Brownsell, 2011). 6. The organization utilizes the subjective and the quantitative investigation that helps the organization in discover numerous things identified with the promoting of the item to the responses of the shoppers to the different ads. The subjective examination includes the conversation about the item between 2 to 8 individuals for a couple of hours. Quantitative examination is typically done by the administration in a bigger scope by utilizing a survey that is about explicit inquiries. Along these lines the organization monitors new patterns. 7. Coca-Cola has as of late propelled a promotion for its Diet Coke brand. It hopes to cheer ladies to grasp their hasty side. The ad that is indicating now a days on the TV denotes a measure change from the manly model that set apart in the prior Diet Coke Break ads, as the gigantic hopes to convince ladies to develop positive every day encounters and to follow up without really thinking. This specific TV notice, the imprint sensationalizes a female characters snapshot of hesitation, however after the admission of the eating regimen Coke then she picks up her certainty and follows up without much forethought. A print promotion depicts lively anecdotes about kinship, style and connections. References list: Brownsell, A. (2011). Making Cokes brand bubble (Coca-Colas future showcasing plans with regards to its 125th anniversary).Strategic Direction,27(10). doi:10.1108/sd.2011.05627jaa.004 Snowdon, C. (2015). Resident Coke: The Making of Coca-Cola Capitalism by Bartow J. Elmore. W.W. Norton (2015), 432 pp. ISBN: 978-0393241129 (hb, 17.99).Economic Affairs,35(2), 320-322. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12118

Checking Your Credit vs. Checking Your Ability to Repay

Checking Your Credit vs. Checking Your Ability to Repay Checking Your Credit vs. Checking Your Ability to Repay Checking Your Credit vs. Checking Your Ability to RepayIf you have bad credit, then you have to be on the lookout for predatory lenders, so start looking for lenders who check your ability to repay the money youre borrowing.For people with good credit, any loan they take out is going to come with a credit check. They’re not too worried about it because, well, they have good credit! Check away, lenders and landlords! No skeletons in these here closets.But for people with bad credit, the situation is totally different. The requirement that a lender checks their credit means they might as well not apply. Besides, a hard credit check will actually lower your score slightly, and a bad credit score needs all the help it can get.When folks with bad credit need a loan, they often end up settling for bad credit loans and no credit check loans. These loans don’t come with credit checks, but they do come with much higher rates than standard personal loans. Some of them can be downright pred atory, trapping borrowers in a dangerous cycle of debt.That doesn’t have to happen, though! There are bad credit loans out there that can provide helpful bridge financing for someone who’s in a bind. If you have bad credit, it’s all about finding the right bad credit loan. And a good place to start is by finding a lender who, even though they aren’t checking your credit, still checks your ability to repay.How do bad credit loans work?Bad credit loans are a little different from regular personal loans. Since they’re meant for folks with poor credit scores, they see much higher default rates than loans that are aimed at people with prime scores. As such, bad credit loans come with much higher interest rates to counteract those higher rates of default.Many bad credit loans, like payday loans  cash advances, and title loans are extremely short-term loans, with average repayment periods of only two weeks. They’re small-dollar loans, too; while rates will vary from lender to l ender and from state to state, short-term payday loans aren’t usually offered for more than a few hundred dollars.These short-term loans are paid off in a single lump sum, and they charge interest as a flat fee at an average rate of $15 per $100 borrowed. (In terms of APR, that adds up to 391 percent on a two-week loan!) If you borrowed a $400 cash advance at a 15 percent interest rate, you’d pay it back in a single payment of $460 on the loan’s due date.There are also bad credit installment loans, which are structured like regular personal loans, just with higher interest rates. The interest for bad credit installment loans is accrued over time, and they come with an amortizing payment structure, which means that every payment you make goes towards both the principal amount owed and the interest.How do credit checks work?When a traditional lender is assessing a loan application, they want to see whether or not the borrower in question is likely to repay their loan. One of the best ways that they have to determine this is by checking the person’s credit.This doesn’t just mean checking their credit score, either. A “hard” check on a person’s credit score will return a copy of their credit report as well.Credit reports are documents maintained by the major credit reporting agencies that track your history as a borrower. The information on those reports is used to create people’s credit scores, and getting a copy of someone’s credit report allows a lender to get a full view of their credit history.Recent credit inquiries make up 10 percent of your overall score. Anytime a hard credit check is made on your history, that check is, itself, recorded on your credit report. Applications for new credit usually temporarily ding a persons score by 5 points or so, and many checks in a short-period can lower it even more.“Soft” credit checks, on the other hand, return far less information than a hard credit check, but they also don’t get reported o n a person’s credit report and they don’t affect their score.Finding a lender who checks your ability to repay.All of the loans mentioned in the first section of this post don’t require a hard credit check as a part of their application process. But some of these lenders don’t do anything else to verify whether a borrower can afford the loan they’re applying for. That’s where things get risky.With short-term payday cash advances, it can actually be very difficult for many customers to pay these loans back on time. Those lump sum repayments can blow a large hole in many people’s monthly budgets, leading them to roll over their loan or take out a new loan in order to make ends meet.This is how people end up trapped in a cycle of debt, continually incurring new interest fees and charges in order to, essentially, borrow the same amount of money over and over again. They throw money at their loan every couple of weeks without ever getting closer to getting out of debt.Some lenders will issue a loan to almost anyone who applies, regardless of whether they can afford that loan or not. Other lenders will run a soft credit check, verify a borrower’s income, or perform other underwriting measures to ensure that borrowers can reasonably pay back the money they’re borrowing.If you have bad credit and need a loan to cover emergency expenses, find a lender who checks your ability to repay. It’ll help you steer clear of a dangerous payday debt trap and stay on the road to getting debt-free.Want to improve your score and stop worrying about credit checks? Then  check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreCredit Utilization Ratio: What It Is, Why It’s Important, and How to Master ItWhy You Should NOT Close That Old Credit CardDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  a nd  Twitter.  |Instagram

Learning Disabilities And How It Affects People And The...

In today’s world, we recognize many kinds of learning disabilities that affect people and the way they learn. Particularly, many studies like to focus on these learning disabilities and how they affect students in our education systems. A learning disability is defined as a condition that causes difficulties in acquiring skills and knowledge to the same level as others of the same age and many students today suffer from learning disabilities, both severe and mild. In order to better teach these students, the standard protocol used to be to take these students, classify them as â€Å"special education,† and place them in special education classes outside of the general curriculum. This often resulted in these students being singled out with a negative stigma and the students, both those with disabilities and those without, not receiving as high a quality of education as they could have been. Today, it is much more common to see an inclusion classroom in schools. An inclu sion classroom is a general education classroom with both special education students and general education students, combined into one class that works together. This is a much more humane way of teaching and provides numerous benefits for students of all kinds. For students with disabilities, the benefits of being placed in an inclusion classroom are many. One of the benefits that students with severe or mild disabilities often see when placed into a general education classroom is the fact that they get to seeShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Struggles Facing LD Students1306 Words   |  6 PagesFacing LD Students Students with learning disabilities are a part of the educational system and they always will be. These students have a single goal in mind, but their disability and social barriers keep them from it. On the other hand, educators have pledged to teach all students, but some fail to teach LD students. This represents an ethical, moral, and legal breakdown of their responsibilities. Educators need to be properly trained and aware of how to meet the needs of these students. TheRead MoreA Learning Disability At A Young Age976 Words   |  4 PagesA learning disable is a term used to describe a disorder that can affect how a person s learns. There are many different disabilities and levels, severity and they all affect people in different ways. These most commonly causes problems with math known as dyscalculia, one of the most common reading disabilities is dyslexia, and problems with writing which is known as dysgraphia. It is very important to remember that having a disability does not mean a person is less capable, it just means thatRead MoreSped Team1094 Words   |  5 PagesCanyon University SPED Team Intellectual disabilities (ID) in education require proper planning, collaboration, communication, accommodations, modified lessons, and detailed individualized instructions. Intellectual disabilities affect many aspect of a person daily life with a variety of emotional, mental, social, and physical characteristics (Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, n.d.). Intellectual disabilities are also known as mental retardation (National Institute of HealthRead MoreLearning Disabilities And The Early Stages Of A Disability1650 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Learning disabilities are something a lot of people have to do it. It is a problem that affects many people around the world, and causes a lot of frustration. This people will cover the general definition of what other s ability is, and explain a little bit what it is. It will also go over some myths that are prevalent when it comes to her and Billy s learning disabilities. It will cover the criteria that needs to be met to receive the proper diagnosis and treatment for a child or youngRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )897 Words   |  4 Pagescommon learning disability in kids today. It is not a new disorder but it is a disorder that is more and more kids are being diagnosed with, as well as misdiagnosed with. Researchers are still trying to find the cause of ADHD and the best treatment for with kids with this learning disability. Being diagnosed with ADHD can hinder a child’s learning and even their progression in school if not caught at an early age . According to National Center for Learning Disabilities article â€Å"How ADHD Affects Learning†Read MoreEvaluate Two Models of Disability in Terms of Explaining the Concept of Disability.1613 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate two models of disability in terms of explaining the concept of disability. Medical model;-- Weaknesses;-- There are many weaknesses of the medical model. One of the weaknesses that I am going to talk about is that in some cases people see the medical model as an insult due to the fact that the model tries to ‘fix’ people with a disability instead of making adjustments and adaptions to environments, activities etc†¦ for them. Due to the fact that the medical model is trying to ‘fix’ tem, mayRead MoreChildren And Disabled Students With Disabilities950 Words   |  4 Pagesquestioned how students with disabilities feel? Have you question why students with disabilities are excluded from classrooms. Not everyone is passionate about bringing students with disabilities into a normal classroom environment. Let s begin with defining the terms students with disabilities. Students with disabilities mean children or students who require special education because of: autism; communication disorders; emotional disturbances; hearing impairments, specific learning disabil ities; traumaticRead MoreIndividuals With Disabilities Education Act1688 Words   |  7 Pages INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT IDEA - - - - A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities. http://idea.ed.gov/ IDEA -Was originally enacted by Congress in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriateRead MoreEducational Policies For Inclusive Education1701 Words   |  7 Pagesdivide in the quality and amount of education that people with disabilities are receiving compared to their counterparts: Nearly 70% of adults with intellectual disabilities have less than a high school education. Only 15.5% have participated in any kind of post-secondary education. 22.5% of children with intellectual disabilities have had to leave their community to attend school. Two-thirds of school-aged children with intellectual disabilities are segregated in special classes or schools someRead MoreUnit 201 Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals with learning disabilities (LD 201) OUTCOME 1 Understand the legislation and policies that support the human rights and inclusion of individuals with learning disabilities. 1.1. Identify four legislation and policies that are designed to promote the human rights, inclusion, equal life chances and citizenship of individuals with learning disabilities National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990; Disability Discrimination Act 2005; Equality Act 2010; Disability Equality Duty

Advertising and Promotion - Hnd - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5031 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Task 1a. Explain the structure, roll and relationship between parties in the communication industry. Communication industry is a collection of firms that attempt to inform, persuade and remind consumers about the products and services of various organisations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advertising and Promotion Hnd" essay for you Create order It is the voice of the company brands to make relationships with customers by having a feedback from them. In a communication process feedback is as much as important as the message. In this process of communication there are different types of organisations and people that accomplish various tasks to complete this cycle. We can simply them by drawing a structure as follows. The client is the organisation who needs to sell the products to target audience through an advertising campaign. They are selecting the agencies for that and discussing the plans with them for a better communication. They finance the whole process of advertising and promotions. And also evaluate and control the campaign. There are two types of agencies which are advertising and promotional. They are providing the information about the current market situation to the client organisations to achieve their targets. Advertising agencies are giving concepts and create attractive advertisements for target customers to each and every product. Promotional organisations are doing various types of promotional activities like sponsoring games and events, street promotion, promotions inside shopping centres etc. And also they are acting as an additional resource to the client organisations by doing all the administration and accountancy for the advertisements and planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the procedures for promotions. There are different types of media organisations which are used to provide information and persuade customers to buy products and services. Nowadays internet, television, radio, magazines and news papers are providing most of the information to customers. When choosing a media for advertising agencies should know the cost, target audience media habits, product and message characteristics for better performance. There are such organisations that are providing extra services to advertising campaigns. Some of them are printing media, promotional gift suppliers, exhibition organisers, coordinators for promotional activities. They are an extra category to support the process and sometimes cover the whole part of the campaign. Target audience is the most important part of the advertising process which can be mass market, special market or niche market. Client should be very careful when selecting the media and the advertising concepts for the products according to the target market. They can get the feedback from them for the improvements and free publicity from them if it is an attractive and worth product for their money. In this whole process the client and agencies are having a direct relationship to accomplish the tasks. But target customers are having an indirect relationship with client through the media. And some promotional activities customers are having an indirect relationship through agencies or special service providers. That is an easiest way of getting feedback immediately by evaluating the customer rates. Task 1b. Identify the current trends in advertising and promotion and evaluate their impact. Nowadays the advertising and promotional market is more competitive than past. There are lot of agencies which provide information to customers for their accomplishment of needs. And also more clients are using advertising as a specific way to introduce and promote their products and services. People are using easy ways to gather information like television, internet, radio etc. And the media is doing a huge task to communicate the people through their advertisements. Most of the clients are doing direct marketing through the internet by direct mailing to all the service users of mail browsers such as yahoo, Google, etc. And also they are using community web sites like My space, Face book, Twitter to promote and advertise their products. Some of the advertisements are coming as pop ups when we are opening another web site or when we are working in another web site. Some clients are using public places to promote the products. Ordinary billboards are used in special ways such as flashing screens and some parts are coming through the boards to front or side. And also they are using public spaces to show their advertisements such as garbage cans, parking meters, elevators, airline snack packages, toilets, bicycle racks etc. In the shopping centres some promotional campaigns are taking place to persuade customers to their products. And also the name boards of shops are using as an advertising tool. The clients are providing the boards free of charge with their name on it and pay for the shop owner to promoting their products. The same thing is doing by using public transport services and private coaches also. Nowadays advertisements are very attractive and using less time. And also they are using musical backgrounds to attract customer concern. And also clients are using music videos to promote their products. In music videos we can see some products are showing by the actors and musicians for the purpose of persuading the customers. And also they are sponsoring reality shows like X factor, got talent etc. Some elide class products are promoting in fashion shows, parties for high class people and some first class shopping malls and hotels because their target market is different than the mass market. From all of these current trends we can recognize the advertising industry is more competitive and target oriented. And also people are having a habit of getting information through the campaigns. Task 1c. Use models to assess the impact of advertising and promotion on customer behaviour. Advertising and promotion is the major key to introduce and remind the products to the customers in a persuading way. The first model is a simple model that shows the exchange between marketing company and the customer. This simple model of exchange gives the main idea in a market place that information and money flows throughout the procedures. Marketing company promotes the products and services and when the customer gets that information he buys the products which lead the company to get revenue. Simultaneously marketing company get the feedback from the customers which is more valuable for future plans. But this model is not having a higher persuading power among the mass market although it gives the information about the products and services. If they used attractive advertising campaigns it would be more profitable and it can change the buyer behaviour. The other effective models are response hierarchy models that describe the three mental stages of a human that need to be passed to buy a product. These stages are, †¢ Cognitive †¢ Effective †¢ Behaviour The first model is called AIDA. It describes the desire that build in the customers to purchase the products and services. In this model advertising and promotion is used to make an attention about the products in customers mind and interest in features. Then a desire is growing in the mind to buy the product. This is an effective way to persuading customers to change their behaviour to buy different products. There is another model in hierarchy called DAGMER. It persuades the customers by giving the awareness of the products and services in a comprehensive way. This is more effective in innovated products that want to be informed entirely to customers. By considering all the models of advertising and promoting the products and services there is a huge impact on customers to choose their day today needs and wants. As there are multiple choices in the market customers can change their buying behaviour by gaining the information from most attractive advertisements and promotion campaigns. And also it changes the mind of the customer to buy not only their needs and wants but also the luxurious products and services to comfort thier life style. Task 2a. Explain and demonstrate how advertising can be designed to differentiate, remind, inform and persuade. Advertising is a form of presenting and promoting the ideas, goods or services to the mass through several media such as television, magazines, news papers, radio, internet etc. It is used by business and non profit organizations to communicate their ideas and information about their products, services and events. Most of the organisations doing their advertising campaigns through agents. But some mega companies such as Coca cola, Unilever have their own advertising departments. The advertising process can be briefly explained as follows; [pic] The objective of the advertising process is to fulfil the task of communicating the message to the target market in an effective way. So that advertising companies are used three different ways to design their advertisements. These are; †¢ Inform †¢ Persuade †¢ Remind The informative advertising is used to give the information about the new products and services to the market. It gives all the features of the products such as price, performance, company details, available places, and so on. And also this design is used to re launch the old products with modern features and services. As an example when a company introduces technical products such as new mobile phones, the advertisement includes all the added features and the operating information. The persuading advertising is used to attract the customers to a certain brand or category of products which has lots of competitors in the market. These advertisements show the benefits of using the products and services to convince the customers to buy their brands. And they are trying to differentiate their products from the other brands by comparing directly or indirectly. Most of the supermarkets such as Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda, and Morrisons are also use these types of advertisements to compare their goods and services with others. The reminder advertising is used to remind the customers about well established products and services to maintain the interest and awareness to do their business smoothly without any failures. The world famous brands such as Coca cola, Carlsberg, and Sony spend most of their profits for advertising and promotional techniques to maintain their position in the market. Nowadays advertising is used to differentiate the same products in different brands such as milk, yoghurt, chocolate, cosmetics, shampoo, garments etc. And also retailers entered into databases in web sites such as compare. com, confused. com to compare their products with the others and give the privilege to the customer to choose the right product at right price. Task 2b. Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations. Advertising is used in different situations to convey the ideas of clients in different media. In every situation client must use appropriate ideas and concepts and also the media to attract the consumer’s attention for fulfilling the objectives. I. Advertising of changes and novelty When introducing a new product to the market advertising is doing a major role of giving information and attract the consumers to the product as well as adding new features to the existing products. If the products are innovative, inventions or new introduces advertising campaign must be more informative rather than giving confused ideas about the product. The house hold products such as television, car, radio, IT products, luxury products are fully depend on the attractive advertising. When consumer gets the idea of using the new products they try to change their behaviour to enter the innovative features of new products. In that case company should be careful about the price, distribution and awareness of the product that affects consumer’s buying behaviour. When doing advertising campaign it should be clear and to the exact point for products that available in the market. It also should show the importance and benefits of using the new brand. II. Advertising in competitive markets This is important to maintain the market share and the consumers’ awareness and preferences in competitive world. And also it helps for producers to stable in the market. This type of advertising is used where many alternative products and brands are existing for same functional situations such as basic needs of consumers. For gain the market share clients use comparison and criticism in their advertisements. Large supermarkets focus their advertisements for comparing the prices of a shopping basket with the competitors. It is more suitable because people are price sensitive and there are no legal issues for comparison. Other than that competitors use huge promotional campaigns for their declining products through daily news papers, magazines, TV channels as well as their own business premises to maintain and build their market share. Task 2. c Evaluate the role, organisation and functions of agencies in the advertising process. Advertising agency is a service provider to a company that need to sell their products to the market through advertisements or promotions. The agencies are independent from the client and make the plan, create the advertisement, and sometimes do the promotions after doing a market research. There are several types of agencies in advertising field such as; †¢ Full service agencies This provides a full service to the client such as planning, creating, producing, choosing and buying media for the advertisement. And also sometimes implement the promotional techniques and market researches. It’s providing a combination of all the activities that client doesn’t want to go here and there for achieving the target. †¢ In house agencies Some organisations have their own advertising departments to handle all the activities to create and implement the advertisements. It’s called as in house and more suitable for worldwide organisations such as Coca cola, KFC etc. †¢ Creative hot shops These agencies are providing the creative ideas and solutions to produce the advertisements and plans for implementing it in an attractive way. †¢ Media independents These are media experts who plan and buy the media for advertisements. They buy the air time from TV, radio and other sources and sell them to clients for implementing their advertisements. †¢ A le carte These agencies are providing service packages to the clients as they can choose the different services from them. Some includes market research, planning and creating. And some includes the producing the advertisements with them. Advertising agency must complete several functions to accomplish the task of the clients. They have different departments to do the accounting, research, creative planning, and media planning. †¢ Account Management This is the connection between the agency and the client to handle all the decisions regarding the advertising campaign. It’s representing the client’s point of view in the agency and understands the business, marketing needs and build up the strategies to accomplish client’s objective. Creative Team The designing part is being done by creative team. It has the responsibility to generate the ideas, design the concepts and finally make the advertisement as much as attractive to the target market. And also it should be described the client’s need of advertising. For that creative team is consisting of graphic designers, computer programmers, copy writers, audio and film producers and so on. †¢ Researches This is used to assess client’s market situation, customer views and competitors before doing an advertising campaign. And also they assess advertising concepts in early stage of advertising with selected members of the target market to choose the most appropriate concepts. After implementing the advertisements researches are taken place to measure the success of the campaign and identify the barriers. †¢ Media Planners Media department has two major functions which are planning and buying. They should plan the size, cost structure, time schedules and all the major work of the advertisement. And also buy the best media for the campaign that more attractive to the target market and negotiate the best deals with them. Full service agencies are dealing with all the functions of advertising. Rather than using a full service agency clients can use creative hot shops for specialist creative ideas. And also media independents for all the media work and so on. Sometimes it gains benefits for the campaign. Task 3. a b Differentiate between the characteristics and objectives of the various below-the-line promotional techniques  and  recommend the use of individual techniques in two commercial situations. Below the line promotional techniques are short term, non media promotion which is largely persuaded the consumers to change their buying behaviour. It can be more effective when pressurized the marketing team to work in a limited budget for a given objective and also cost efficient to communicate with the target market for various products. It is important to promote fast moving consumer goods as well as the industrial products. The most common below the line techniques are; [pic] †¢ Personal Selling Most of the telecommunication networks use this below the line technique to increase the customer base and the market share. They use different types of sales forces to deal with the customers directly. Some are working inside the premises and making contacts via telephone and e-mails. We can observe their work in last months of a mobile contract period as they trying to keep the existing customers by giving full details about new offers and services and also new models of phones which they can gain free of charge. Some of the sales forces go to the customer and persuade them to buy the products and services. We can see them in big shopping centres, at the bus stops in busy areas, and fun fairs etc. And also pharmaceutical companies use the sales representatives to inform their brands and various medicines to physicians and other pharmacies as a part of personal selling. Some organisations use to maintain a contractual sales force including agents, dealers, and brokers who get the commission for their sale. †¢ Public Relations Business organisations use this technique to persuade and remind the customers about their products and services. They use several methods according to the target market and the opportunity they can act more powerfully. We can observe in worldwide games such as foot ball and cricket, companies are sponsoring for the matches to gain a huge customer base and persuade them to buy their brand by growing a brand image. Most of them are sporty brands such as Coca cola, Nike, Adidas, Gillette, etc. Some organisations use exhibitions to display the items and services with full details to attract customers. Most of the exhibitions based on a subject as wedding, art, antique, and so on. In a wedding exhibition we can see all the industries are coming together such as clothing, floral arrangements, filming and photo albums, party ware, make up and cosmetics, food and serving and all the essential event takers. So it is useful and customers can make choices among all the competitors in a one place and also companies can get more benefits as they can directly contact to the people who interest on their products. †¢ Sales Promotion This is the most common way of promoting the products and services nowadays and customers are attracting to it so much. Most of the products use the method of half price as they want to increase their sales and also they use 3 for 2 method that customer can get 3 goods at the price of 2. All these numerical efforts are using to attract the customers to certain product lines and remain their brand names. All fast moving and competitive goods are using these types of promotions to get the competitive advantage. And also supermarkets use various methods to increase their sales as a whole. As an example we can see the Club cards in Tesco, Nector cards in Sainsbury’s, Bonus cards in Iceland which customers can collect points over their buying and get benefits such as vouchers, gifts, discounts when they reach to a certain level of points. And also they use the seasonal promotions such as Christmas, summer, Halloween, valentine, to attract the customers by giving competitive discounts. Direct Marketing These types of techniques are used in several organisations to market their product to the target customers in a well organised direct way. When launching new high class products such as jaguar, Aston martin, D G, they use direct selling as a conference or fashion show for high class people who can afford those products. And also companies use this technique to sell machinery and ot her equipments to another company by direct appointments and showing the products and usage to a selected range of customers. Advertising and all these below the line techniques are used in different ways in different organisations as we know the competence is so high and new products and services are coming to the market day by day. The organisations which use all the tactics and strategies to fulfil their objectives can survive in the market without fear of the competitors. All the others are losing their market share and customer base because they can’t compete with the newly developed brands that provide more customer satisfaction. Advertising and promotion is all about giving the opportunity to the customer to choose the suitable product or service at a reasonable price at the right time. The industry of communication is the way to achieve the customers in their busy lives to inform, remind and persuade them to lead the buying behaviour as they required. So that most attractive and competitive organisations can make the images of customers’ minds by using all these promotional campaigns. | | | | | | [HSBC sRILANKA] | | | Task 4. a Explain the principles and process of campaign management. Task 4 (b,c,d) Develop a promotional plan for a commercial Organisation. Use appropriate techniques. Also include how your campaign’s effectiveness will be measured. Process of Campaign Management †¢ Assess marketing communication opportunities. In this section we are to visualize the expectations of the target market. This is considered as the most important step of Campaign management. Furthermore we it is essential to identify to whom that we should send our message, whether it is to the current consumers, financial supporters or general public. †¢ Determine your objectives The chosen target market has to be captured by launching promotional campaigns by using short term or long term, deciding the ideal promotional campaign is based on in terms of the behaviors by people who have been integrated in our promotional communication. †¢ Determine your promotional mix The set up of the promotional mix includes as the centre where we have to create an interest among the buyers in order to make our promotional campaign a success. †¢ What communication channels to use Here we have to identify the market, demand for the product and the environment. We could use sport channels, business channels, internet popup, †¢ Develop your promotional message Developing the promotional message includes content, appeal, structure, and the format; this has to be implemented due to the target audience and the demand for the product or the service. †¢ Develop your promotional budget Here we have to set up the budget for the whole campaign, this includes all the aforesaid processes and especially the media planning and the mix of promotion that we have implemented will affect to the promotion budget directly. †¢ Determine campaign effectiveness This has to be documented by initialising the copy platform, situation analysis, and timetables. We can gain information from the reactions of the general public (target customers) whether they are satisfied with our product or service implemented by promotion campaign. CONTENT 1. Company Introduction (HSBC) 2. Company Analysis (SWOT) 3. Product Launching (Smart savings account) . Company Strategy (Pull) 5. Budget for the promotional campaign 6. Promotion Mix 7. Media Planning 8. Time table for the promotional plan 9. Evaluation Measurement HSBC –Sri Lanka HSBC-â€Å"Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking corporation† known as the worlds local bank, was incorporated in 1865 in Hongkong as a small bank with limi ted share holders and with a few customer base in the banking sector. In 19†s the organisation spread their network throughout the world by incorporating the bank in Asia Pacific – (1028 Branches), and Middle East Africa ( 275 Branches)Europe,( 2598 Branches) and America ( 4692 Branches). The HSBC became the one of the largest bank in today’s financial sector during the last decades HSBC started their operation in Colombo srilanka in July 1892 is one of the first banks in srilanka. HSBC has now spread their network everywhere with 24 express banking centres 14 branches. The premier centre is situated in the heart of the city. HSBC is the number one financial organizations in Srilanka who has the highest capital strength among the private banks. The main competitors of the HSBC are the Standard Charted Bank Commercial Bank. In addition to that there are number of local government banks The SWOT Analysis of HSBC Sri Lanka. The Strength: †¢ HSBC (The Brand name) is a multinational organization †¢ Recognized all over the world. †¢ The employees the high quality service they provide is strength for the organization. †¢ Banking facilities such as internet banking, 24 hour customer service, phone banking, and international money transfer service. Weaknesses: †¢ Does not have an island wide presence. †¢ All the branches are situated in the city of Colombo †¢ The native language (Mother language) does not use in any documents in the bank day to day activities. Opportunities: Opportunity to approach the untouched markets which are average income people low income people. †¢ In the existing market all the other banks are offering interest rates under 6% for savings accounts. But the HSBC has the opportunity capture the market by introducing a savings account with a higher interest rate. Threats: †¢ High Competition †¢ The p erception the image on HSBC is not positive among the community. People think it is a risk to invest in a private bank it is expensive. Most of them prefer to save their money in local government banks. The New Product:- Smart Savings. Product launching date: 14th February 2010 The promotional plan is for the newly introduce saving account which is known as Smart Savings. †¢ â€Å"Smart savings account has introduced as a teenage savings account with an attractive interest rate of 8% per annum the initial deposit required Rs 5,000. †¢ The savings account holders will be entitled for all the facilities which is providing by the bank. Promotional Plan for Launch the â€Å"SAMRT SAVINGS ACCOUNT† The Objectives of the promotional Plan. †¢ Differentiate the savings account from what others banks are offering †¢ Remind the â€Å"SMART Savings† when they are in the process of searching savings accounts information. Inform about the new product benefit †¢ Persuade the target group to open the savings account with HSBC. Type of the Campaign †¢ The campaign will run for three months. †¢ Burst Campaign for first two weeks the campaign will run with high frequency parallel with the product launch. †¢ Drip Campaign will run for remain ten weeks with less frequency. The promotional strategy that we are using for this campaign is Pull Strategy. Pull strategy Pull strategy is a part of promotional activity targeting at end consumers. This is persuading the target group by using below promotional mix †¢ Advertising. Sales promotions. †¢ personal selling †¢ Direct marketing Sponsorships. †¢ Public Relations The Budget The setup budget for the whole campaign is Rs 25 million. (? 1=Rs 185. 00) The factors which considered in order to determined the above budget are. †¢ The objectives of the campaign. †¢ The size of the target audience †¢ Based on previous year budget. organization perfor mance †¢ Based on competitors activities. [pic] The Promotional Mix Advertising Advertising is the main part of the promotion mix, and it`s uses various media to deliver the message to the customer. Advertising uses to create awareness. Therefore, they do use many methods of advertising to retain existing customers as well as to get the attention of new customers. HSBC could use different media to communicate their target audience. Such as; ? Television,: ? News Paper ? Bill boards, ? Sports Magazines/Fashion magazines ? Internet. Advertising in face book/ Yahoo /Google Sales promotions. This is short term method which most frequently used techniques in the market, which mainly concern of quantity of sales of a particular product. This mainly target to attract the fresh customer base. Examples: ? Free gifts for every account open during first month ? Bank will deposit Rs 500 as an opening amount if any account opens within first 2 weeks. ? All the account holders will entitled for a raffle draw to win a holiday package to Singapore with the best friend ? All the account holders can apply for a student loan for 10% interest rate. Personal selling Direct mails ? Sales presentations in Colleges ? Sales calls to HSBC existing customers who has teen age kids Public relation Sponsorships Public Relations help to tell good things about the organization to their target audience. Effective PR creates an emotional feeling in customers mind positive image. ? 0. 05% of the profit will contribute to the teenagers in Northern part of Sri Lanka who are affected by the civil war ? Sponsoring for inter school rugby tournaments/Cricket matches/Netball matches Types of Media Media Planning. Frequency Reach are the most important factors to be considered when deciding on media. Electronic Media: Advertising in Television: Advertising in sports channels/ Advertising in music channels Burst Campaign: Run spot advertisements every 15 minutes run detailed advertisement every 15 minutes continuously for two weeks (Between 5PM 8PM every week days) †¢ Run detailed advertisement in every one hour from 10 AM in the morning till 7 PM on weekends ( For two weeks) Drip Campaign †¢ Run Detailed advertisement every two hours between 5Pm to 10 PM week days for rest of 10 weeks â⠂¬ ¢ Run detailed advertisement in every one hour from 10 AM in the morning till 7 PM on weekends ( For the rest of 10 weeks) Radio Advertisement: †¢ Sponsoring for the karaoke singing competition organized by the radio channel Sponsoring for beach parties organized by the Youth radio channel ( Y FM) Electronic Moving Screen: †¢ Display advertisements in moving screens close by the main colleges in the city. Print Media †¢ News papers †¢ Magazines: Fashion magazines Sport Magazines †¢ Bus advertising †¢ Hoardings Bill boards Internet: Advertising in face book / yahoo / Google / hotmail |Time Table For The Promotional Plan Of SMART SAVINGS | | | | | | W 1 |W2 |W 3 |W 4 |W 1 |W 2 |W 3 |W 4 |W 1 |W 2 |W 3 |W 4 | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Initial Research |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |à ‚   | |Evaluation of search results |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | Planning |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Pre Advertising |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Product Launch |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Post Advertising |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | |Evaluation Measurements |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | Evaluation and measurement of the promotional campaign for the smart saving account The success of our promotional campaign of promoting smart savings accounts for the teenagers, can be measured by achieve the following factors, ? The number of new savings accounts that have been open during the promotional campaign. ? Number of feed backs received regarding the saving accounts. ? Numbers of accounts opening application forms that have been obtain by customers. ? The improvement of the customer based during the promotional period. ? The profit earned by the organisation during the promotional period and it’s contributed for the ultimate profit of the organisation.

London Ambulance Service Failure Free Essays

The London Ambulance fiasco ? The London Ambulance Service (LAS) Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) system failed dramatically on October 26th 1992 shortly after it was introduced: †¢ †¢ †¢ The system could not cope with the load placed on it by normal use; The response to emergency calls was several hours; Ambulance communications failed and ambulances were lost from the system. ? A series of errors were made in the procurement, design, implementation, and introduction of the system.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 1 London Ambulance Service ? ? Managed by South West Thames Regional Health Authority. We will write a custom essay sample on London Ambulance Service Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Largest ambulance service in the world (LAS inquiry report) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Covers geographical area of over 600 square miles Resident population of 6. 8 million people (greater during daytime, especially central London); Carries over 5,000 patients every day; 2,000-2,500 calls received daily, of which 1,3001,600 are emergency calls.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 2 Computer-aided despatch systems ? Provide one or more of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ Call taking; Resource identification; Resource mobilisation; Ambulance resource management. CAD software hardware; Gazetteer and mapping software; Communications interface (RIFS). Radio system; Mobile data terminals (MDTs); Automatic vehicle location system (AVLS). ? Consist of: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 3 The manual system to be replaced ? Call taking †¢ Recorded on form; location iden tified in map book; forms sent to central collection point on conveyor belt; Form collected; passed onto resource allocator depending on region; duplicates identified. Resource allocator decides on which resource to be mobilised; recorded on form and passed to dispatcher; Dispatcher telephones relevant ambulance station, or passes mobilisation instructions to radio operator if ambulance already on road; ? Resource identification †¢ ? Resource mobilisation †¢ ? Whole process meant to take 3 minutes. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 4  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Concept/design of the CAD system ? Existing systems dismissed as inadequate and impossible to modify to meet LAS’s needs †¢ Intended functionality â€Å"greater than available from any existing system†. To consist of Computer Aided Dispatch; Computer map display; Automatic Vehicle Location System (AVLS); Must integrate with existing MDTs and RIFS (Radio Interface System). Near 100% accuracy and reliability of technology; Absolute cooperation from all parties including CAC staff and ambulance crews. ? Desired system: †¢ †¢ ? Success dependent upon: †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 5 Problems: Procurement (i) ? Contract had to be put out to open tender †¢ Regulations emphasis is on best price; 35 companies expressed interest in providing all or part of the system †¢ Most raised concerns over the proposed timetable of less than 1 year until full implementation. ? Previous Arthur Andersen report largely ignored †¢ †¢ Recommended budget of ? 1. 5M and 19 month timetable for packaged solution. Both estimates to be significantly increased if packaged solution not available; Report never shown to new Director of S upport Services. ? Only 1 out of 17 proposals met all of the project team’s requirements, including budget of ? 1. 5M. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 6 Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Procurement (ii) ? Successful consortium †¢ †¢ †¢ Apricot, Systems Options (SO), Datatrak; bid at ? 937k was ? 700k cheaper than the nearest bid; SO’s quote for the CAD development was only ? 35k †¢ Their previous development experience for the emergency services was only for administrative systems. Ambiguity over lead contractor. Systems manager: Career ambulance man, not an IT professional, already told that he was to make way for a properly qualified systems manager; Analyst: Contractor with 5 years experience working with LAS. ? 2 key members of evaluation team: †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 7 Problems: Project management ? Lead contractor responsible †¢ †¢ Meant to be SO, but they quickly became snowed under, so LAS became more responsible by default; No relevant experience at LAS or SO. ? ? Concerns raised at project meeting not followed-up. SO regularly late in delivering software †¢ Often also of suspect quality, with software changes put through ‘on the fly’. ? ? Formal, independent QA did not exist at any stage throughout the CAD system development. Meanwhile, various technical components of the system are failing regularly, and deadlines missed. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 8  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Human resources training (i) ? ? ? ? ? Generally positive attitude to the introduction of new technology. Ambiguity over consultation of ambulance crews for development of original requirements. Circumstantial evidence of resistance by crews to Datatrak equipment, and deliberate misleading of the system. Large gap between when crews and CAC staff were trained and implementation of the system. Inability of the CAC and ambulance staff to appreciate each others’ role †¢ Exacerbated by separate training sessions. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 9  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Human resources training (ii) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Poor industrial relations. Management ‘fear of failure’. CAD system seen as solution to management’s desire to reduce ‘outdated’ working practices. System allocated nearest resource, regardless of originating station. System removed flexibility in resource allocation. Lack of voice contact exacerbated â€Å"them and us†. Technical problems reduced confidence in the system for ambulance crews and CAC staff.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 10 System problems Need for near perfect information †¢ Without accurate knowledge of vehicle locations and status, the system could not allocate optimum resources. There were numerous possible reasons for incorrect information being passed back to the system. Numerous technical problems with the system, including: †¢ Failure to identify all duplica ted calls; †¢ Lack of prioritisation of exception messages; †¢ Exception messages and awaiting attention queues scroll off top of screen. ? Poor interface between crews, MDTs the system †¢ ? Unreliability, slowness and operator interface †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 11 Configuration changes ? Implementation of the system on 26 October involved a number of significant changes to CAC operation, in particular: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Re-configuring the control room; Installing more CAD terminals and RIFS screens; No paper backup system; Physically separating resource allocators from radio operators and exception rectifiers; Going ‘pan London’ rather than operating in 3 divisions; Using only the system proposed resource allocations; Allowing some call takers to allocate resources; Separate allocators for different call sources. Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 12 So, what happened? ? ? Changes to CAC operation made it extremely difficult for staff to intervene and correct the system. As a consequence, the system rapidly knew the correct location and status of fewer and fewer vehicles, leading to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Po or, duplicated and delayed allocations; A build up of exception messages and the awaiting attention list; A slow up of the system as the messages and lists built up; An increased number of call backs and hence delays in telephone answering.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 13 Why did it fail? ? Technically, the system did not fail on October 26th †¢ †¢ Response times did become unacceptable, but overall the system did what it had been designed to do! Failed 3 weeks later due to a program error – this was a memory leak where allocated memory was not completely released. Management; Union; System manager; Government. ? It depends who you ask! †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 14 Lessons learned ? Inquiry report makes detailed recommendations for future development of the LAS CAD system, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Focus on repairing reputation of CAD within the service; Increasing sense of ‘ownership’ for all stakeholders; They still believe that a technological solution is required; Development process must allow fully for consultation, quality assurance, testing, training; Management and staff must have total, demonstrable, confidence in the reliability of the system; Any new system should be introduced in a stepwise approach.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 15 How to cite London Ambulance Service Failure, Papers

London Ambulance Service Failure Free Essays

The London Ambulance fiasco ? The London Ambulance Service (LAS) Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) system failed dramatically on October 26th 1992 shortly after it was introduced: †¢ †¢ †¢ The system could not cope with the load placed on it by normal use; The response to emergency calls was several hours; Ambulance communications failed and ambulances were lost from the system. ? A series of errors were made in the procurement, design, implementation, and introduction of the system.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 1 London Ambulance Service ? ? Managed by South West Thames Regional Health Authority. We will write a custom essay sample on London Ambulance Service Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Largest ambulance service in the world (LAS inquiry report) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Covers geographical area of over 600 square miles Resident population of 6. 8 million people (greater during daytime, especially central London); Carries over 5,000 patients every day; 2,000-2,500 calls received daily, of which 1,3001,600 are emergency calls.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 2 Computer-aided despatch systems ? Provide one or more of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ Call taking; Resource identification; Resource mobilisation; Ambulance resource management. CAD software hardware; Gazetteer and mapping software; Communications interface (RIFS). Radio system; Mobile data terminals (MDTs); Automatic vehicle location system (AVLS). ? Consist of: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 3 The manual system to be replaced ? Call taking †¢ Recorded on form; location iden tified in map book; forms sent to central collection point on conveyor belt; Form collected; passed onto resource allocator depending on region; duplicates identified. Resource allocator decides on which resource to be mobilised; recorded on form and passed to dispatcher; Dispatcher telephones relevant ambulance station, or passes mobilisation instructions to radio operator if ambulance already on road; ? Resource identification †¢ ? Resource mobilisation †¢ ? Whole process meant to take 3 minutes. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 4  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Concept/design of the CAD system ? Existing systems dismissed as inadequate and impossible to modify to meet LAS’s needs †¢ Intended functionality â€Å"greater than available from any existing system†. To consist of Computer Aided Dispatch; Computer map display; Automatic Vehicle Location System (AVLS); Must integrate with existing MDTs and RIFS (Radio Interface System). Near 100% accuracy and reliability of technology; Absolute cooperation from all parties including CAC staff and ambulance crews. ? Desired system: †¢ †¢ ? Success dependent upon: †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 5 Problems: Procurement (i) ? Contract had to be put out to open tender †¢ Regulations emphasis is on best price; 35 companies expressed interest in providing all or part of the system †¢ Most raised concerns over the proposed timetable of less than 1 year until full implementation. ? Previous Arthur Andersen report largely ignored †¢ †¢ Recommended budget of ? 1. 5M and 19 month timetable for packaged solution. Both estimates to be significantly increased if packaged solution not available; Report never shown to new Director of S upport Services. ? Only 1 out of 17 proposals met all of the project team’s requirements, including budget of ? 1. 5M. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 6 Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Procurement (ii) ? Successful consortium †¢ †¢ †¢ Apricot, Systems Options (SO), Datatrak; bid at ? 937k was ? 700k cheaper than the nearest bid; SO’s quote for the CAD development was only ? 35k †¢ Their previous development experience for the emergency services was only for administrative systems. Ambiguity over lead contractor. Systems manager: Career ambulance man, not an IT professional, already told that he was to make way for a properly qualified systems manager; Analyst: Contractor with 5 years experience working with LAS. ? 2 key members of evaluation team: †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 7 Problems: Project management ? Lead contractor responsible †¢ †¢ Meant to be SO, but they quickly became snowed under, so LAS became more responsible by default; No relevant experience at LAS or SO. ? ? Concerns raised at project meeting not followed-up. SO regularly late in delivering software †¢ Often also of suspect quality, with software changes put through ‘on the fly’. ? ? Formal, independent QA did not exist at any stage throughout the CAD system development. Meanwhile, various technical components of the system are failing regularly, and deadlines missed. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 8  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Human resources training (i) ? ? ? ? ? Generally positive attitude to the introduction of new technology. Ambiguity over consultation of ambulance crews for development of original requirements. Circumstantial evidence of resistance by crews to Datatrak equipment, and deliberate misleading of the system. Large gap between when crews and CAC staff were trained and implementation of the system. Inability of the CAC and ambulance staff to appreciate each others’ role †¢ Exacerbated by separate training sessions. Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 9  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Problems: Human resources training (ii) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Poor industrial relations. Management ‘fear of failure’. CAD system seen as solution to management’s desire to reduce ‘outdated’ working practices. System allocated nearest resource, regardless of originating station. System removed flexibility in resource allocation. Lack of voice contact exacerbated â€Å"them and us†. Technical problems reduced confidence in the system for ambulance crews and CAC staff.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 10 System problems Need for near perfect information †¢ Without accurate knowledge of vehicle locations and status, the system could not allocate optimum resources. There were numerous possible reasons for incorrect information being passed back to the system. Numerous technical problems with the system, including: †¢ Failure to identify all duplica ted calls; †¢ Lack of prioritisation of exception messages; †¢ Exception messages and awaiting attention queues scroll off top of screen. ? Poor interface between crews, MDTs the system †¢ ? Unreliability, slowness and operator interface †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 11 Configuration changes ? Implementation of the system on 26 October involved a number of significant changes to CAC operation, in particular: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Re-configuring the control room; Installing more CAD terminals and RIFS screens; No paper backup system; Physically separating resource allocators from radio operators and exception rectifiers; Going ‘pan London’ rather than operating in 3 divisions; Using only the system proposed resource allocations; Allowing some call takers to allocate resources; Separate allocators for different call sources. Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 12 So, what happened? ? ? Changes to CAC operation made it extremely difficult for staff to intervene and correct the system. As a consequence, the system rapidly knew the correct location and status of fewer and fewer vehicles, leading to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Po or, duplicated and delayed allocations; A build up of exception messages and the awaiting attention list; A slow up of the system as the messages and lists built up; An increased number of call backs and hence delays in telephone answering.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 13 Why did it fail? ? Technically, the system did not fail on October 26th †¢ †¢ Response times did become unacceptable, but overall the system did what it had been designed to do! Failed 3 weeks later due to a program error – this was a memory leak where allocated memory was not completely released. Management; Union; System manager; Government. ? It depends who you ask! †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 14 Lessons learned ? Inquiry report makes detailed recommendations for future development of the LAS CAD system, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Focus on repairing reputation of CAD within the service; Increasing sense of ‘ownership’ for all stakeholders; They still believe that a technological solution is required; Development process must allow fully for consultation, quality assurance, testing, training; Management and staff must have total, demonstrable, confidence in the reliability of the system; Any new system should be introduced in a stepwise approach.  ©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering Case Studies Slide 15 How to cite London Ambulance Service Failure, Papers

Critical Evaluation Of Customer Centricity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation Of Customer Centricity. Answer: Introduction: The report aims at providing a critical evaluation of customer centricity. Customer centricity refers to a strategy for fundamentally aligning the services and products and services of the company with the needs and wants of the valuable customers. Being customer centric refers to the means of doing business with the customers in a manner that puts forward a customer experience for driving repeated business, profits and customer loyalty. Nowadays, various E businesses are also adopting customer centric means for the sale of their products and services. In this context, the examples of Zappos and Amazon require a prime mention on following a customer centric approach. Customer Centricity is something more than offering a genuine customer service as it involves offering greater experience from the stage of awareness through the process of purchase. The article would consider three peer-reviewed journals for establishing the prospective of customer centricity in the context of E busines s. Critical Evaluation of Customer Centricity in the Prospect of E Business According to Shah et al (2014), the customer centricity concept is not something new whose benefits are under discussion for over 50 years. There were also proposals put forward that firms should not only focus on selling the products but on the fulfillment of the customer centric needs. However, business community recently embraces the importance of the customer centric approach. According to Shah et al (2014), less than 20 percent of the marketing organizations amongst 1000 have evolved successfully for leveraging the capabilities, value added process and customer centric approach. If one goes by history, then he or she will be able to find that the firms were more products centric. The economies of the scale and scope have been central since profits were a direct reflection of the market share. Thus, the firms have been more oriented internally with much of the attention focused on the manufacture of the superior products instead of inclining towards the users and purchasers of th e products. However, revolution in the latter half of 20th century led to the introduction of some unusual improvements in the collection, storage, analysis and transmission of huge quantity of information. This led to the realization amongst the firms that put forward a greater opportunity for the firms including those with E business facilities in investing in the Information Technology (IT) for management of customer relationships. Customer RelationshipManagement (CRM) became the catchphrase that also motivated the companies in making substantial investment in various software packages related to CRM, initiatives for database marketing and infrastructure for supporting marketing that is technology driven (Fader and Peter 2012). Such firms expressed their motivation for achieving a continuous dialogue across all the touch points related to the customer along with maintaining a personalized treatment for the valuable customers. However, the real scenario was that most of the compan ies lacked the necessary customer centricity for realizing such benefits. Moreover, according to Shah et al (2014), customer centric organizations are bounded together via a central value where each decision began with anticipated opportunities and customer for benefit. However, a common norm within the customer centric organizations is that the employees act as the customer advocates. Another unique norm shapes the willingness of the individual employees for sharing information with their peers so that the organization remains in better position for meeting the needs of the customers. As per Lamberti (2013), until the 1980s the concept of customer centricity was nothing more than business philosophy or an idealized policy statement. However, the current reflection of Customer centricity represents a situation experienced by concept of marketing. The refinement and implementation of the marketing concept through analysis of the constituting elements and the antecedents represented the base for development of a theory of market orientation. For explaining the conceptualizations of the customer centricity, he regarded the concept as opposite to the concept of product centricity. The fundamental assumption for product centricity lies in seeing the company as repository of the competences and the resources for the development of products and services. Such services and products represent the basic value proposition on which the company acts for pleasing a number of customers thereby modifying the offer for meeting the expectations of the customers. Customer centricity thus focuses the attention on establishment of the mutually satisfactory relationships amongst the customers. The individual customer expresses their needs according to which the resources of the company activated for developing solutions for satisfying such needs. Presently, there has been criticism on the actual sustenance of a customer centric approach there by putting forward lesser extreme views where a resource focuses on the economic effectiveness of customer centricity. Thus, (Bonacchi and Perego 2013) states that, firms including E business do not only adopt the principles of customer centricity but they also operate in the continuum that focuses on moving from the product centricity to the customer centricity. Customer Centricity is associated with the companys capability in generating the intelligence of the customers, processing data and gathering information for building the repositories of the comprehensive data regarding the interactions between the firm and the custo mer and in supporting the modified marketing activities (West Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The concept of customer centricity also actively involves the customers in the innovation and the marketing process thereby co creating a value with the same. In addition to this, customer centricity helps in shifting the focus from service offered towards a newer customer experience for creating the value in a manner that remains related to the customers. According to Kamble (2012), Customers remains the most important assets for an organization. In order to ensure continuity of business and become competitive, there is a need for development of customer centric approach that touches all the points of customer interaction. The approach of customer centricity helps organization in acquiring, retaining and growing their customer base. The key element of a customer centric approach remains in being sensitive to the needs of the clients and the proactive approach in interacting with the clients.Effective management of the customer needs acts as vital differentiator for todays businesses. Companies are also changing on how they are marketing the products for better satisfying the needs of the customers. Traditional marketing has also become less effective and more expensive with time. Companies are making use of the internet for entering into dialogue with the customers. With the emergence of the internet, it has become possible in gaining permission for discussion of products. Nowadays, internet provides the platform for research, advertising, sales, promotions and customer support. Eventually the companies focus on the development of relationships with the customers that will allow them continuous re supply. Deploying the customer centric approach into E business framework requires careful understanding of the framework (Richardson, James and Kelley 2015). Customer centricity refers to the streamlining of the objectives of the firms for catering them towards the customers. In such a scenario, for the success of the E business framework it is necessary to follow a holistic approach in dealing with the customers. The E business must however consider that the customers represent an important asset for the company therefore; it must align all its business activities for serving the customers in an effective manner. There are various activities related to the customers that surround the framework for E business. This involves, understanding the value proposition of the customers, modified business offerings for customer, ensuring the building of customer understanding for each interaction, building the advisory relationships, analysis of the wants and needs of the customers, deployment of a c ustomer centric virtual framework and delivery of effective and prompt service. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be said that customer centricity represents an indefinable goal for most organizations. However, organizations have managed in successfully traversing the path of customer centricity that has helped in reaping richer rewards in the form of the loyal customers and financial performance. Customer centricity enables the firms in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage not countered easily through competition. Thus, customer centricity happens to be an essential condition for the firms of the 21st century thereby helping them to do well in the market place. References: Bedarkar, M., Pandita, D., Agarwal, R. and Saini, R., 2016. Examining the impact of organizational culture on customer centricity in organizations: An analysis.Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,9(2), pp.19-28. Bonacchi, M. and Perego, P., 2013. Improving profitability with customer?centric strategies: the case of a mobile content provider.Strategic Change,20(7?8), pp.253-267. Fader and Peter,. 2012. Customer centricity: Focus on the right customers for strategic advantage. Wharton digital press Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Kamble, A., 2012. Aligning Customer-centric Approach to E-commerce Framework. Kilara, T. and Rhyne, E., 2014. Customer-Centricity for Financial Inclusion. Lamberti, L., 2013. Customer centricity: the construct and the operational antecedents.Journal of Strategic marketing,21(7), pp.588-612. Loshin, D. and Reifer, A., 2013.Using information to develop a culture of customer centricity: customer centricity, analytics, and information utilization. Elsevier. Mohapatra, S., 2013. E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer, Boston, MA. Richardson, N., James, J. and Kelley, N., 2015.Customer-centric Marketing: Supporting Sustainability in the Digital Age. Kogan Page Publishers. Shah, D., Rust, R.T., Parasuraman, A., Staelin, R. and Day, G.S., 2014. The path to customer centricity.Journal of service research,9(2), pp.113-124. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

Toni MorrisonS Essay Recitatif Essays - Recitatif,

Toni Morrison'S Essay ?Recitatif? Mark Sommers Feldman 11/27/99 Recitatif Toni Morrison's essay, ?Recitatif? is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta, who grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not properly care for them. The underlying theme in ?Recitatif? deals with racism. An interesting twist is the mystery of the girls' race. Leaving clues, but never stating whether Twyla or Roberta was black or white, Morrison makes it clear that the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds. At one point in the essay Twyla comments, ?that we looked like salt and pepper.? Due to the fact that the story is told in the first person, it seems natural for the reader to associate Twyla with himself/herself. ?Recitatif? proves to be a noteworthy experiment, ?toying? with the reader's emotions and effectively noting stereotypical races and their characteristics. Morrison never states the race of the girls for a purpose: to make the reader form his/her own opinion. The story begins with Twyla's mother dropping her off at the orphanage. There she met Roberta, who became her best friend, bonding because they were not real orphans with ?beautiful dead parents in the sky.? Instead of being ?real? orphans, they were just abandoned kids whose mother's did not want them. Although the girls had few friends, their lives did not lack adventure. For example, they enjoyed spying on the big girls who liked to smoke and dance, and sadly got a laugh out of yelling mean things at Maggie, the woman who couldn't defend herself because she was mute. One of the last times the girls saw each other in the orphanage was the day of the picnic. Shortly after the picnic Roberta's mother came to take her home, marking the first small fracture in their friendship. The next time they saw each other was years later in the restaurant that Twyla worked. Roberta acts coldly towards Roberta partly because she was high off of drugs, on her way to see a Jimi Hendrix concert. Twyla was deeply offended that her former best friend would treat her so badly. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was now called Mrs. Benson; she was dressed in dimonds and talked much nicer to Twyla. By this time, Twyla has one child and Roberta has four. Strangely, Roberta acts extremely friendly, like she has met her long lost best friend. Twyla can't hold back her emotions and questions Roberta about their last encounter at the restaurant. Roberta shrugs it off, ?Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black?white. You know how everything was.? A friendly goodbye and the women go their own separate ways again. The third time they meet is at the school where Roberta's kids attend. Roberta and the other mothers were picke ting because they didn't want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight that would be not resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time, severing any last chance of friendship for the women. The problem lies inside the hearts of two special women, two childhood friends, and two different races. ?Recitatif? challenges the reader to not be judgmental toward of the either girls and accept their color. Morrison gives clues to encourage the reader to make assumptions about the girls' race. From the beginning the author asserts that one girl is black and one is white, but not which is which. There are many instances that Morrison uses things that are stereotypically ?black? or ?white,? almost begging one to infer the race of each girl. Although there is no answer to the mystery, what one decides for himself/herself says something about his/her own ethnic background. Morrison thrives off the stereotypes people have set for blacks and whites. For example, Twyla's mother told her that ?those? people smelled funny because they didn't wash their hair. This might suggest that Roberta was black because many black people don't wash their hair often. On the other hand she could have been talking about the orphans not bathing properly which could cause them to smell ?funny.? Everything seems to be a gray area. On the night of the picnic when her mother came to visit, Twyla was embarrassed because

3 Cases of Superfluous Wording

3 Cases of Superfluous Wording 3 Cases of Superfluous Wording 3 Cases of Superfluous Wording By Mark Nichol Certain types of words that may be of no use nevertheless often stealthily make their way into sentences like gate crashers. In conversation, to mix metaphors, they serve as pothole fillers, meaningless placeholders that allow speakers to gather their thoughts and navigate an extemporaneous statement without stumbling before the finish line, but in writing they are expendable. The discussion after each sentence below describes why one or more words in the example do not contribute to the construction of the statement; revisions demonstrate how the sentences stand just as well without the omitted words. 1. More than half of all companies are currently pursuing some form of major information-technology transformation. Currently, which echoes the present-tense verbs it invariably is associated with, is rarely necessary or helpful; retain it only if it clarifies an ambiguous statement (in which case an alternative solution is to revise the statement to eliminate the ambiguity): â€Å"More than half of all companies are pursuing some form of major information-technology transformation.† 2. Management must then determine whether or not the activities for recording, accumulating, and summarizing material information are designed and operating effectively. Some writers don’t realize that the second and third word in â€Å"whether or not† should almost always be omitted. Others know this but automatically write it without noticing or don’t know when it is valid and when it is not. However, a simple test exists- if â€Å"whether or not† can be replaced by â€Å"regardless of whether,† the usage is valid, but if the phrase can be replaced by if, â€Å"or not† is extraneous: â€Å"Management must then determine whether the activities for recording, accumulating, and summarizing material information are designed and operating effectively.† 3. We have managed projects for both healthcare providers as well as medical-device manufacturers. Sometimes the solution is revision rather than omission. For example, in this sentence, â€Å"as well as† is redundant to both, so retain one or the other, but not both: â€Å"We have managed projects for both healthcare providers and medical-device manufacturers† or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We have managed projects for healthcare providers as well as medical-device manufacturers.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words10 Types of Transitions48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Smoke Signal Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoke Signal Film Analysis - Essay Example The existence if this film completed the conception of Indians churning out their own stories a reality. Even so, will self-depiction by Native Americans within Hollywood finally, eventually take place again? American Indians inhabit a controversial position in the Hollywood thoughts. They would seemingly appear to be an element of America’s unusual myth. This falsehood glaringly seems to be overtly determined to twirl into realism. The last decade has observed more Indian themed movies launched with the participation of bona fide Indian actors than ever before. Additionally, whether modern Indian Smoke Signals is an outstanding incident still is debatable. However, time will only tell whether actors of Native American origins will eventually, absolutely, be granted the starring responsibilities to which they rightfully deserve. In the film Smoke Signal, Native Americans were classified into an assortment of the noble savage, the atrocious warrior, the faithful assistant, amid other subversive names (Morgan, 2010). It is evident that Native Americans stand in for a very minimal margin of the American population. The only way they are represented according to solid evidence is though the medium that is the media. The media such as television and movies have a certain primacy with which they represent this minority group of Native Americans. A major exit from the classic action against the Native Americans, Smoke Signal is a superficially human anecdote, superfluous with dissident political commentary (Morgan, 2010). The issue of Alcoholism in the film is brought out by Victor’s father who is an erratic alcoholic. Victor’s father in this scenario depicts parental desertion and alcoholism. Here, the movie sends up Indian cynics, who struggle with dysfunctions. Even more, Smoke Signals gallops on not present fathers and wondering fathers. As a clever way of settling his late father’s affairs, Victor goes down to Arizona and comes back wi th his ashes. Victor is depicted as very bitter at his father’s drinking and desertion. While in Arizona Victor realizes some truths about his father. In this context, Smoke Signals stresses the importance for bringing together between father and son. This movie, as a result, depicts Indians as down-and-out drunks, unseemly addicted to alcohol as they are to the unpleasantness at their batch in life. This film depends heavily on human correlation and salvation. Struggling with the crippling grief, Victor’s father takes to alcoholism and violence as way of escapisms from the challenges facing him. When he dies, Victor is put to the task of inheriting his father’s estate. But the crippling financial challenges combating his family do not allow him to travel to Arizona. But his friend bails him out his financial crisis by providing him with the money required to travel to Arizona. This point depicts that Native American were always looking after each other, incase of dire hardships (Morgan, 2010). Victor’s father abandonment is seen not as decision, but as something he was meant to do. In order to escape from guilt, Victor’s father then resorts to alcoholism. However, the abandonment of Victor’s father is much less important than his own acceptance of it. This is because Victor has is left no option but to continue with his daily existence. Conversely, the Indian reservation is cast in a fashion as if it existed in a time line where progress is

Development of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents compared to their Research Paper

Development of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents compared to their Hearing Peers - Research Paper Example This article is basically centered on how the development of such adolescents who are either totally deaf or have other hearing problems is affected adversely compared to the development of their normal age fellows. According to (Peterson, 1993, p. 4), â€Å"normal adolescent development is a positive process bringing adult maturity and competence, in contrast to the existing negative stereotypes.† Many crude and intricate effects produced by hearing loss on many poor adolescents are discussed in this paper, and how their development becomes even more difficult in the diverse classrooms of the present world schools. There are myriad social issues regarding the inclusion of hearing-impaired adolescents at the schools, most importantly. (Berke, 2009). These issues are of such grave and distressing nature that they can even shoot down the motivation and learning enthusiasm in such students who are having hearing problems to zero. That is why, the social issues have looming prospe cts for these adolescents and they are potentially capable of inducing long-lasting mutilating effects on their future potentials. This is an unequivocal fact backed up with research reports that those children who have hearing problems are neither as well integrated socially nor as popular as their normal hearing peers are, due to which they start feeling pressurized and develop myriad psychological problems. The psychological state of children with hearing problems quite resembles to that of young people with low socioeconomic or racial backgrounds who are not welcomed in the society. Seclusion and social hesitation are the two major challenges that mar the development of hearing impaired children. This is because, confidently going out and communicating with normal age fellows or other young people with same helps special children in maintaining social integration. Social inclusion is also affected in culturally diverse classrooms, where deaf or hearing-impaired adolescents may e ven be laughed at by their normal age fellows. It is because the normal children are not familiar with ways to socialize with the children who have special needs, thus their development gets affects badly. There is much disagreement between professionals when talking about whether or not hearing impaired adolescents should be taught alongside their normal peers. Many professionals concerned with such students who suffer from hearing problems have published myriad research papers, which claim that in such classrooms where normal students and those having particular biological problems are taught together, most of the deficiencies are overlooked due to which special students are left dissatisfied. Many scholars claim that children with hearing disabilities do not experience the normal education easily by studying in the mainstream classrooms. They also have to cope with a broad range of social pressures like unjustified ridiculing, bulling, or suppression, which are mostly created by their normal age fellows. That is why, less inclusive provision is sought by many professionals and parents so that the hearing impaired adolescents can be developed behaviorally and psychologically in a welcome and harmonious environment. (Musselman, Mootilal, & MacKay, 1996, pp. 52-63). On the

Research Project: Impact and Causes of Air Pollution

Research Project: Impact and Causes of Air Pollution NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL EMPOWERMENT, THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, LAGOS STATE. BY ATUBI AUGUSTUS O. (Ph.D) ABSTRACT The research work is primarily on industrial pollution; focusing on air pollution in the Ilupeju industrial estate of Lagos State, in Mushin Local Government Area. Air pollution has been a serious problem to the people who reside closely to Ilupeju industrial zone since inception of the area. It has been responsible for various ailments among the people and those who work in the industries that pollute the air through the use of some dangerous chemicals. The research work looked at the various ways by which air pollution is being generated in the area, the effects on the people and the possible control measures to minimize its further damage on the health of the people and the place for national development and global empowerment. INTRODUCTION The environment is the setting of man’s various productive activities. The impact of man on the landscape through these activities and the extent of environmental pollution arising there from have been well documented (Atubi and Onokala, 2006a, Atubi, 2007b). In Nigeria today, most of the industrial estates are not meant for industries alone; residential homes can be found in the so-called industrial estates also. And with this development, the problem of industrial pollution has effects on man, plants and materials. The areas which contain industries manufacturing different products such as petrochemicals, detergents, injects harmful wastes into the air such as carbon monoxide, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons which are the major sources of air pollution. Generally, the release of industrial waste into the air has been responsible for many health problems such as chronic bronchitis, malaria, asthma and also the damaging of roofing sheets and buildings. The resident are not fully aware of the damages being done to their lives and properties by those harmful wastes. Most of the past researches in Nigeria and the world in general on industrial pollution such as Hodges (1977); Mcgraw-Hill (1977); Okoro (1979); Nwafor (1981); Simmon (1982); Kormondy (1984); Segynola (1988); Ohagi (1988); Ademorati (1988); Miller (1994); Hill (1999) to mention a few, have their focus on effects and causes of industrial pollution in general and not on industrial estate. Available evidence (Census, 1991) shows that about sixty thousand people reside in the Ilupeju industrial area, yet very low priority is accorded to the problems of industrial pollution and environmental quality in the area. The problem of air pollution is worse in Lagos than in any other Nigerian city. It is also more complex in Lagos. The study is aimed at analyzing the effects of industrial air pollution on the residents and environments of Ilupeju industrial estate as a way for national development and global empowerment. STUDY AREA/DATA COLLECTION This study is focused on Ilupeju industrial estate, which in the context of this paper comprises of over 20 streets and for proper administration it was further divided into three zones. The zones are Ilupeju bye-pass as zone A, Coker area as zone B, Town Planning area as zone C. Ilupeju industrial estate is located within the Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State. It covers an area of about 110 hectares of land. It is transversed by longitude 30 and 3060I east and latitude 3030I north. It is bounded in the North by Ikeja Local Government Area, in the east by Somolu Local Government Area, in the West by Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, and in the South by Surulere Local Government Area in Lagos State in 1962 (fig. 1). It occupies a unique position in Lagos State, firstly as an industrial zone, secondly as a commercial centre, thirdly as a residential area and lastly as a major route. The concentration of industries can be found in Ilupeju industrial estate. And the area is well established because of the rapid growth of new and large industrial establishments, which include good transportation, and relatively high standard of available public utilities. The industries on this estate include paints, plastic, textiles, printing services and the manufacturers of soap and detergents etc. The banking sector is another sector found amongst the economic activities that takes place in Ilupeju. The data on which the study is based were collected through questionnaire survey in the year 2005 from three zones to which Ilupeju industrial estate was divided. The random/systematic sampling techniques was used to select a number of streets. Out of the 20 streets in the area 10 were randomly selected for the study in which three houses were again selected randomly with two persons selected for interview. Responses from the questionnaires were mainly used for data analysis. The computation elied on averaging model, percentages and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION Mcgraw-Hill (1977) stated that other sources such as pesticides and man’s earth-moving and agricultural practices lead to vastly increased atmospheric burden of the soil particles and of pollens, spots, rust and smuts. Okoro (1979) further stated that industrialization is as a result of man’s attempt to provide himself with facilities for optimum employment. Industries leave behind peculiar wastes. They also pollute our environment, think of the cloud of smoke that emerges from the industrial house and apparently disappears into the air, think of various colour liquid some of them have foul smells that are emptied into the rivers, lagoons and oceans. They change environment’s composition and destroy its purity. To assess this, respondents were asked to mention the causes of industrial pollution in the estate. The response made showed that the use of chemicals in Zone A is one of the major causes of pollution in the area followed by the release of smoke from the industries which 24 people responded to it, while the poor disposal of waste and noise from machineries have responses of 23 and 20 respectively. In zone B, 19 people responded to the use of chemicals, 10 to the poor disposal of waste, 9 people indicated to the noise from machineries and 15 responded to the release of smokes from industries. Finally, in zone C, 20 people indicated that the use of chemicals is the major cause of industrial pollution. 18 responded to the poor disposal of waste, 17 to noise from the machineries, and 18 to the release of smokes. Table 1 shows the details. From the table it could seen that zone A and C had high indications than B, this is because Zone A and C are the nearest neighbours to different industries while zone B are area away from the industries. TABLE 1:THE CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE. Source: Field Survey, 2005 Therefore, the major causes of industrial air pollution as seen from the table is because of the use of chemicals which in turn pollute the area through the release of smoke. TABLE 2:THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Source: Field Survey, 2005 Table 2 shows that in zone A 20 indicated that restlessness has been one of the effects of industrial air pollution followed by persistent cough and chest pain, eye irritation which is the highest with 21 responses and 20 for asthmatic patients. Zone B, as could be seen from the table 2 had eye patient with 20 respondents and 10 respondents respectively for restlessness and persistent cough and chest pain. Zone C showed that the effect of industrial air pollution is more on eye irritation and persistent cough and chest pain with 20 respondents respectively while restlessness had the highest respondents and asthmatic patient has 19 respondents. From the above table 2, the effects of industrial air pollution is felt more in Zone A followed by Zone B and this is because the residential areas are nearest to the industrial area. Zone B has a total of 59 compared to Zone A (81) and Zone C (80). From the table it indicated that zones A and B have the highest effects of industrial pollution than zone C. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using analysis of variance statistic. The calculated values are 10.27 and 3.72 and the critical table value are 4.26 and 4.26. Therefore, there is variation of industrial air pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate. (See Appendix 1 and 2 for necessary computations). POLICY IMPLEMENTATION In order to prevent severe health hazards arising from increased industrial activities which pollutes the environment, government’s silence on environmental protection over the years should be broken and public interest must be sufficiently aroused through documentaries and corrective measures of pollution. We should therefore, plan ahead, and learn from the mistakes of the industrialized nations and their current efforts to correct those mistakes. We should not allow pollution to be the price of the state’s progress. The establishment of some parastatals concerned with the maintenance of sanity in environment is the next step in the right direction. The Lagos State Ministry of Environment, Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Health, etc. amongst others are charged with the responsibility of protecting the environment and maintaining a healthy environments as a way for national development and global employment. However, to grapple effectively with our environmental problems and enhance the quality of life in our settlements, we require information in the nature and dimension of these problems. The State Government should make funds available for relevant research to increase our understanding of the source and effect of gaseous pollutant and all disciplines have a role to play in this regard. There is need to design relatively, cheap yet efficient methods of waste disposal for our towns and cities (Atubi and Oriero, 2006b). Finally, it may be observed that in the area of pollution control, there must be a good deal of cooperation between professionals. The engineers should explore different alternatives of controls; the economists must determine which combination of measures is least costly for a given degree or control. The social scientists explore the intangible benefits associated with different level of control, the surveyors to determine how best each level of control could be developed and the jurist establish how different control measures can be enforced. The decision regarding the control measures can be adopted and enforced. However, the adoptions rest with the people and the government. They will have to pay for it and will have to live with it. CONCLUSION The result of the study has shown that all environmental pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate is created by man’s activities in living, producing and consuming goods and services. These activities generate net benefits to the people undertaking them even though they may impose unwanted cost. An important objective of environmental resources management in Lagos State is to plan towards an improvement of overall quality of the state’s human environment and this plan should be undertaken from the local level upwards. To achieve this objective, a strategy should be worked out to ensure that the use of resources for the welfare of man does not result in a conflict between the environment and development or between resource utilization and man. REFERENCES Ademoroti C. M. A. (1988), â€Å"Environmental Management: Case Studies on Industrial Waste water treatment†, Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development. Pp. 200 – 206 Atubi, A. O. and Onokala, P. C. (2006a) â€Å"The Socio-Economic Effects of Oil Spillage on Agriculture in the Niger-Delta: A case study of Olomoro, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Studies vol. 2 No.4. Pp. 46 – 52. Atubi, A. O. and Oriero, S. B. (2006b) Environmental Sanitation in Abraka Metropolis; Towards A public policy in Akinbode, A and Ugbomeh B (eds) Abraka Region pp. 118 – 128. Atubi, A. O. (2007b) The Perception of Industrial Disturbances in Nigeria Cities: A Geographical Appraisal of Benin-City. Journal of Environmental Analar (forthcoming). Hill J. (1999), General Chemistry: An Integrated approach 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prenctice Hall. Hodges L. (1977), Environmental Pollution: 2nd Edition U.S.A., Library of Congress cataloging in publication Data. Pp. 6 – 8. Kormondy, E. J. (1984), Concept of Ecology, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice – Hall P. 35. Mcgraw-Hill (1977) Encyclopaedia of Environmental Science, New York: Mcgraw-hill p. 35. Miller, G. T. (1994) Living in the environment: Principles, Connection and Solution 8th edition Belmont California, Wadsworth. Pp. 569 – 583, 645 – 647. Nwafor, J. C. (1981) â€Å"An Evaluation of Land Conservation Problems of Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria: A case study of Nkalagu Cement Industry† In U. M. Gbozurike (ed.) Land Use and Conservation in Nigeria. Nsukka; University of Nigeria Press, Pp. 128 – 36. Ohaji, S.M.O. (1988), â€Å"The Effects of Brewery Effluent Discharge on Ikpoba River Water Quality, Benin City† Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 196 – 197. Okoro, P. T. (1979) Environmental Problems and Your Health: A paper presented to the Ministry of Health. Segynola, A. A. (1988) â€Å"The Nigerian Industrial Landscape and Environmental Degradation†. Environmental issues and Management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 174 – 179. Simon, I. G. (1982) The Ecology of Natural Resources, 2nd edition. Edward Arnold Limited, Pp. 277 – 279. APPENDIX I CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREA TO USE ANOVA, APPLY SSt=Sum of Square total Ssw=Sum of square within SSb=Sum of Square between Assign X1, X2 and X3 to the various zones Ho: There is no variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study Area. Calculate the F – ratio and use it to test for the significant difference SSt – ÃŽ £X2 = (ÃŽ £X)2 N ÃŽ £X2 = ÃŽ £X12 + ÃŽ £X22 + ÃŽ £32 = 2130 + 767 + 1337 = 4234 N = n1 + n2 + n3 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 ÃŽ £X = ÃŽ £X1 + ÃŽ £X2 + ÃŽ £X3 = 92 + 53 + 73 = 218 SSt=4234 – (218)2 12 SSt = 4234 – 3960 = 273.7 To get SSb SSb = ( X1)2 + ( ÃŽ £X2)2 + (ÃŽ £X3)2 – ( ÃŽ £X)2 n1 n2 n3 N (92)2 + (53)2 + (73)2 – (218)2 4 4 4 12 (2116 + 702.3 + 1332.3) – 3960.3 4150.6 – 3960.3 SSb = 190.3 To get SSw SSw = SSt – SSb 273.7 – 190.3 SSw = 83.4 Determine the F – ratio F = MSb MSw Where MSb = Mean Square between MSw = Mean Square Within Firstly, dfb (df between) = K – 1 Where K = number of groups dfb = 3 – 1 = 2 Secondly, dfw (df within) = N – K Where N = Number of subjects dfw = 12 – 3 = 9 df total = N – 1 12 – 1 = 11 MSb = SSb = 190.3 dfb 2=95.2 Then MSw = SSw= 83.4 dfw 9=9.27 F = MSb = 95,2 MSw 9.27=10.27 The calculated F-ratio must be larger than the theoretical F-ratio to reject the hypothesis. At 0.05 level of confidence, Theoretical F = 4.26 Calculated F = 10.27 Therefore, there is variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study area. APPENDIX 2 THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREA n1 = 4n2 = 4n3 = 4 ÃŽ £X1 = 81ÃŽ £X2 = 59ÃŽ £X3 = 80 ÃŽ £X12 – 1641 ÃŽ £X22 = 961ÃŽ £X32 = 1602 X1 = 20.3X2 = 14.8X3 = 20 SSt = ÃŽ £X2 = ( ÃŽ £X)2 N ÃŽ £X2 = ÃŽ £X12 + ÃŽ £X22 + ÃŽ £X32 1641 + 961 + 1602 = 4204 N = n1 + n2 + n3 = 4 + 4 + 4 =12 ÃŽ £X = ÃŽ £X1 + ÃŽ £X2 + ÃŽ £X3 = 81 + 59 + 80 = 220 SSt = 4204 – (220)2 12 SSt = 4204 – 4033.3 = 170.7 To get SSb SSb = ( ÃŽ £X1)2 + ( ÃŽ £X2)2 + ( ÃŽ £X3)2 – ( ÃŽ £X)2 n1 n2 n3 N (18)2 + (59)2 + (80)2 – (220)2 4 4 4 12 1640.3 + 870.3 + 1600 – 4033.3 4110.6 – 4033.3 SSb = 77.3 To get SSw SSw = SSt – SSb 170.7 – 77.3 = 93.4 F = MSb MSw dfb = 3 – 1 = 2 dfw = 12 – 3 = 9 MSb = SSb – 77.3 dfb 2 =38.7 MSw = SSw = 93.4 dfw 9=10.4 F = MSb=38.7 MSw10.4 Theoretical F = 4.26 Calculated F = 3.72 1